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LÝ THUYẾT VÀ BÀI TẬP VỀ CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT TIẾNG ANH 12
REPORTED SPEECH (CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT)
1. Lý thuyết
Câu tường thuật là loại câu thuật lại lời nói của một người khác dưới dạng gián tiếp.
Khi chuyển từ một lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp chúng ta cần lưu ý một số vấn đề sau:
- Nếu động từ tường thuật (reporting verb) chia ở các thì hiện tại chúng ta giữ nguyên thì (tense) của động từ chính, đại từ chỉ định và các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn cũng như trạng từ chỉ thời gian trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang gián tiếp.
Ví dụ
- He says: “I’m going to Ha Noi next week.”
⇒ He says he is going to Ha Noi next week.
- Nếu động từ tường thuật (reporting verb) của câu ở thì quá khứ thì phải lùi động từ chính về quá khứ một bậc khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp (direct speech) sang lời nói gián tiếp (indirect / reported speech) theo quy tắc sau:
Ví dụ
Direct speech: “I’ll talk to Mr Jones,” said he.
Reported speech: He said he would talk to Mr Jones.
- Một số động từ không thay đổi khi chuyển sang lời nói gián tiếp : would => would, could => could, might => might, should => should, ought to => ought to
- Khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp mà động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ thì các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn và đại từ chỉ định được chuyển đổi theo quy tắc sau:
Ví dụ
Direct speech:
“I’m leaving here tomorrow,” said Mary.
Reported speech:
Mary said (that) she was leaving there the next day.
- Nguyên tắc trên được áp dụng cho tất các các loại câu tường thuật.
- Có 3 loại câu tường thuật cơ bản:
1. Reported statements:
S + say(s) / said + (that) + S + V
says / say to + O => tells / tell + O
said to + O => told + O
Ví dụ: - He said to me: “I haven’t finished my work.”
⇒ He told me he hadn’t finished his work.
2. Reported questions:
A. Yes / No questions:
- Câu tường thuật loại câu hỏi Có hay Không (Yes / No questions) có dạng sau:
Ví dụ:
“Are you angry?” he asked.
He asked if / whether I was angry.
“Did you see the film?” Tam asked.
Tam asked if / whether I had seen the film.
Lưu ý
Khi tường thuật câu hỏi Có hay Không (Yes - No questions), ta phải chuyển câu hỏi trực tiếp sang dạng khẳng định, rồi thực hiện thay đổi thì, trạng từ chỉ thời gian, trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn, đại từ chỉ định, và chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, đại từ sở hữu cho phù hợp.
says / say to + O => asks / ask + O
said to + O => asked + O
Ví dụ: He said to me: “Have you been to America?”
⇒ He asked me if / whether I had been to America.
B. Wh-questions:
Ví dụ: They asked us: “Where are you going on holiday?”
⇒ They asked us where we were going on holiday.
“What are you talking about?” said the teacher.
⇒ The teacher asked us what we were talking about.
says / say to + O => asks / ask + O
said to + O => asked + O
Ví dụ: He said to me: “Who are you writing to?”
⇒ He asked me who I was writing to.
3. Reported commands:
- Câu tường thuật loại câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định có dạng:
S + told + O + to-infinitive.
Ví dụ: - “Please wait for me here, Mary.” Tom said.
⇒Tom told Mary to wait for him there.
- Câu tường thuật loại câu mệnh lệnh phủ định có dạng:
S + told + O + not to-infinitive.
Ví dụ: “Don’t talk in class!” the teacher said.
⇒ The teacher told the children not to talk in class.
Một số động từ thường dùng khi tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh: tell, ask, order, advise, warn, beg, command, remind, instruct, ....
2. Bài tập
Choose the best answer:
1. Julia said that she ___________ there at noon.
A. is going to be B. was going to be C. will be D. can be
2. He _______ that he was leaving way that afternoon.
A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. says to me
3. She said to me that she __________ to me the Sunday before.
A. wrote B. has written C. was writing D. had written
4. I _________ him to sell that old motorbike.
A. said to B. suggested C. advised D. recommended
5. My parents reminded me ________ the flowers.
A. remember to plant B. plant C. to plant D. planting
6. I asked Martha ______ to enter law school.
A. are you planning B. is she planning C. was she planning D. if she was planning
7. Nam wanted to know what time ________.
A. does the movie begin
B. did the movie begin
C. the movie begins
D. the movie began
8. I wondered_______ the right thing.
A. whether I was doing
B. if I am doing
C. was I doing
D. am I doing
9. The scientist said the earth ________ the sun.
A. goes round B. is going around C. went around D. was going around
10. Peter said that if he ________rich, he _________ a lot.
A. is – will travel
B. were- would travel
C. had been – would have travelled
D. was – will travel
11. They said that they had been driving through the desert__________.
A. the previous day B. yesterday C. the last day D. Sunday previously
12. He asked the children _________too much noise.
A. not to make B. not making C. don’t make D. if they don’t make
13. The man said that money ___________ the passport to everything.
A. will be B is C. was D. can be
14. The teacher said Columbus _________America in 1942.
A. discovered B. had discovered C. was discovering D. would discover
15. John said he _________ her since they ________ school.
A. hasn’t met – left
B. hadn’t met - had left
C. hadn’t met left
D. didn’t meet – has left
16. The woman asked __________get lunch at school.
A. can the children
B. whether the children could
C. if the children can
D. could the children
17. Laura said that when she_________ to school, she saw an accident.
A. was walking B. has walked C. had been walking D. has been walking
18. He asked, “Why didn’t she take the final exam?” - He asked why __________ the final exam.
A. she took B. did she take C. she hadn’t taken D. she had taken
19. Ba said he__________ some good marks the semester before.
A. gets B. got C. had gotten D. have got
20. They told their parents that they___________ their best to do the test.
A. try B. will try C. are trying D. would try
21. She asked me where I___________ from.
A. come B. coming C. to come D. came
22. She_________ me whether I liked classical music or not.
A. ask B. asks C. asked D. asking
23. He asked me who____________ the editor of that book.
A. was B. were C. is D. has been
24. He wants to know whether I ___________ back tomorrow.
A. come B. came C. will come D. would come
25. I wonder why he___________ love his family.
A. doesn’t B. don’t C. didn’t D. hasn’t
26. They asked me how many children___________.
A. if I had B. had I C. I have D. have I
27. Thu said she had been___________ the day before.
A. here B. there C. in this place D. where
28. The student said that the English test_______ the most difficult.
A. is B. was C. will be D. have been
29. He wanted to know _______ shopping during the previous morning.
A. if we had been going
B. that if we had been going
C. we were going
D. that we were going
30. He asked me _______ Robert and I said I did not know _______.
A. that did I know / who were he
B. that I knew / who he had been
C. if I knew/ who he was
D. whether I knew / who had he been
31. The mother asked her son _______.
A. where he had been B. whether I had been C. where has he been D. where had he been
32. Martin asked me _______.
A. how is my father B. how my father is C. how was my father D. how my father was
33. The host asked Peter _______ tea or coffee.
A. whether he preferred
B. that he preferred
C. did he prefer
D. if he prefers
34. She asked me _______ my holidays _______.
A. where I spent / the previous year
B. where I had spent/ the previous year
C. where I spent / last year
D. where did I spend / last year
35. He advised _______ too far.
A. her did not go
B. her do not go
C. her not to go
D. she did not go
36. John often says he _______ boxing because it _______ a cruel sport.
A. doesn’t like/ is B. did not like / were C. not liked / had been D. had not liked / was
37. Nancy asked me why I had not gone to New York the summer _______.
A. before B. ago C. last D. previous
38. He asked _______ him some money.
A. her to lend B. she to lend C. she has lent D. she lends
39. Andrew told me that they _______ fish two _______ days.
A. have not eaten / ago
B. had eaten/ previous
C. did not eat / before
D. would not eat / last
40. Jason told me that he _______ his best in the exam the _______ day.
A. had done / following
B. will do / previous
C. would do/ following
D. was going / previous
41. John asked me _______ in English.
A. what does this word mean
B. what that word means
C. what did this word mean
D. what that word meant
42. The mother told her son _______ so impolitely.
A. not behave
B. not to behave
C. not behaving
D. did not behave
43. She said she _______ collect it for me after work.
A. would B. did C. must D. had
44. She said I _______ an angel.
A. am B. was C. were D. have been
45. I have ever told you he _______ unreliable.
A. is B. were C. had been D. would Be
46. I told him _______ the word to Jane somehow that I _______ to reach her during the early hours.
A. passing / will try B. he will pass / tried C. to pass/ would try D. he passed / have tried
47. Laura said she had worked on the assignment since _______.
A. yesterday B. two days ago C. the day before D. the next day
48. John asked me _______ interested in any kind of sports.
A. if I were B. if were I C. if was I D. if I was
49. John asked me _______ that film the night before.
A. that I saw B. had I seen C. if I had seen D. if had I seen
50. The guest told the host that _______.
A. I must go now
B. he must go now
C. he had to go now
D. he had to go then
ĐÁP ÁN
1 B; 2 A; 3 D; 4 C; 5 C; 6 D; 7 D; 8 A; 9 A; 10 B
11 A; 12 A; 13 B; 14 A; 15 B; 16 B; 17 C; 18 C; 19 C; 20 D
21 D; 22 C; 23 A; 24 A; 25 A; 26 C; 27 B; 28 B; 29 A; 30 C
31 A; 32 D; 33 A; 34 B; 35 C; 36 A; 37 A; 38 A; 39 B; 40 C
41 D; 42 B; 43 A; 44 B; 45 A; 46 C; 47 C; 48 D; 49 C; 50 D
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