Hoạt động khám phá 3 trang 44 SGK Toán 11 Chân trời sáng tạo tập 2 - CTST

Phương pháp giải:

Tính giới hạn \(f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}}\).

Lời giải chi tiết:

Với bất kì \({x_0} \in \mathbb{R}\), ta có:

\(f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) \)\(= \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} \)\(= \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\sin x - \sin {x_0}}}{{x - {x_0}}}\)

Đặt \(x = {x_0} + \Delta x\). Ta có:

\(\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}
\begin{array}{l}
f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \left( {{x_0} + \Delta x} \right) - \sin {x_0}}}{{\Delta x}}\\
 = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\cos \Delta x + \cos {x_0}\sin \Delta x - \sin {x_0}}}{{\Delta x}}
\end{array}\\
\begin{array}{l}
 = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\cos \Delta x - \sin {x_0}}}{{\Delta x}} + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\cos {x_0}\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}}\\
 = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {\cos \Delta x - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x}} + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \cos {x_0}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}}
\end{array}
\end{array}\)

Lại có:

\(\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}
\begin{array}{l}
\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {\cos \Delta x - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x}}\\
 = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {\cos \Delta x - 1} \right)\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}}\\
 = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {{{\cos }^2}\Delta x - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}}
\end{array}\\
\begin{array}{l}
 = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( { - {{\sin }^2}\Delta x} \right)}}{{\Delta x\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}}\\
 =  - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}.\sin \Delta x}}{{\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}}\\
 =  - 1.\frac{{\sin {x_0}.\sin 0}}{{\cos 0 + 1}} = 0
\end{array}\\
{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \cos {x_0}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}} = \cos {x_0}.1 = \cos {x_0}}
\end{array}\)

Vậy \(f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \cos {x_0}\)

Vậy \(f'\left( x \right) = \cos x\) trên \(\mathbb{R}\).

-- Mod Toán 11 HỌC247