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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
People have been donating blood since the early twentieth century to help accident victims and patients undergoing surgical procedures. Usually a pint of whole blood is donated, and it is then divided into platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells. People can donate blood (for red blood cells) about once every two
months. Transfusing the blood from the donor to the recipient is straightforward. It involves taking the blood from a donor’s arm vein by means of a hypodermic syringe. The blood flows through a plastic tube to a collection bag or bottle that contains sodium citrate, which prevents the blood from clotting. When the blood is given to a patient, a plastic tube and hypodermic needle are connected to the recipient's arm. The blood flows down from the container by gravity. This is a slow process and may last as long as 2 hours to complete the infusion of blood into the recipient. The patient is protected from being infected during the transfusion. Only sterile containers, tubing, and needles are used, and this helps ensure that transfused or stored blood is not exposed to disease causing bacteria. Negative reactions to transfusions are not unusual. The recipient may suffer an allergic reaction or be sensitive to donor leukocytes. Some may suffer from an undetected red cell incompatibility. Unexplained reactions are also fairly common. Although they are rare, other causes of such negative reactions include contaminated blood, air bubbles in the blood, overloading of the circulatory system through administration of excess blood, or sensitivity to donor plasma or platelets. Today, hospitals and blood banks go to great lengths to screen alt blood donors and their blood. All donated blood is routinely and rigorously tested for diseases, such as HIV, hepatitis B, and syphilis. When the recipient is a newborn or an infant, the blood is usually irradiated to eliminate harmful elements. Donated blood is washed, and the white blood cells and platelets removed. Storing the blood sometimes requires a freezing process. To freeze the red blood cells, a glycerol solution is added. To unfreeze the, the glycerol is removed. The ability to store blood for long periods has been a boon to human health.
Câu hỏi:All of the following are mentioned as potential negative reactions to transfusion EXCEPT _____.
- A. air bubbles in the blood
- B. allergies
- C. sensitivity to donor leukocytes
- D. red-cell incompatibility
Lời giải tham khảo:
Đáp án đúng: A
Giải thích:
Tất cả những điều sau đây được đề cập là phản ứng tiêu cực có thể xảy ra đối với việc truyền máu NGOẠI TRỪ _____.
A. bọt khí trong máu
B. dị ứng
C. nhạy cảm với bạch cầu của người hiến tặng
D. sự không tương thích của hồng cầu
Thông tin:
+ Negative reactions to transfusions are not unusual. The recipient may suffer an allergic reaction or be sensitive to donor leukocytes. Some may suffer from an undetected red cell incompatibility. (Phản ứng tiêu cực đối với việc truyền máu không phải là bất thường. Người nhận có thể bị phản ứng dị ứng hoặc nhạy cảm với bạch cầu của người hiến tặng. Một số có thể mắc chứng không tương thích hồng cầu chưa được phát hiện.)
→ B, C, D đúng
+ Although they are rare, other causes of such negative reactions include contaminated blood, air bubbles in the blood, overloading of the circulatory system through administration of excess blood, or sensitivity to donor plasma or platelets. (Mặc dù chúng hiếm gặp, các nguyên nhân khác gây ra các phản ứng tiêu cực như vậy bao gồm máu bị ô nhiễm, bong bóng khí trong máu, quá tải của hệ thống tuần hoàn thông qua việc cung cấp máu dư thừa, hoặc nhạy cảm với huyết tương hoặc tiểu cầu của người hiến tặng.) → bọt khí trong máu là nguyên nhân, không phải phản ứng tiêu cực
→ A sai
→ Chọn đáp án A
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